dukkha: Suffering, pain, discontent; the unsatisfactory nature of all phenom­ena. Dukkha is the condition of fundamental discontent that is inherent within the very nature of all sentient existence. Essentially, it is the underlying sense of dissatisfaction that ultimately undermines even the most pleasant experiences, for everything in the phenomenal world is subject to change and therefore unreliable. Thus, all of samsãric existence is characterized by dukkha.

苦(dukkha)：痛苦、疼痛、不舒适；一切现象无法令人满足的本质。苦是一种根本的不安，存在于所有众生的内在本质中。由于世间的一切皆无常、不可依靠，因此即使是最快乐的经验也潜在着不满足的感觉，这不满最终必然会破坏快乐的经验。所以轮回中的生命皆有苦的本质。